---
title: ES|QL dense vector functions
description: ES|QL supports dense vector functions for vector similarity calculations and k-nearest neighbor search. Dense vector functions work with  dense_vector...
url: https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/query-languages/esql/functions-operators/dense-vector-functions
products:
  - Elasticsearch
applies_to:
  - Elastic Cloud Serverless: Preview
  - Elastic Stack: Preview
---

# ES|QL dense vector functions
<tip>
  For more examples of these functions in action, refer to [the ES|QL for search tutorial](/docs/reference/query-languages/esql/esql-search-tutorial#vector-search-with-knn-similarity-functions-and-text_embedding).
</tip>

ES|QL supports dense vector functions for vector similarity calculations and
k-nearest neighbor search.
Dense vector functions work with [
`dense_vector` fields](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/elasticsearch/mapping-reference/dense-vector)
and require appropriate field mappings.
ES|QL supports these vector functions:
- Dense vector functions
  - [`EMBEDDING`](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/query-languages/esql/functions-operators/dense-vector-functions/embedding) <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Planned</applies-to> <applies-to>Elastic Cloud Serverless: Preview</applies-to>
- [`KNN`](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/query-languages/esql/functions-operators/dense-vector-functions/knn) <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Preview since 9.2</applies-to> <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Generally available since 9.4</applies-to>
- [`TEXT_EMBEDDING`](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/query-languages/esql/functions-operators/dense-vector-functions/text_embedding) <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Preview since 9.3</applies-to> <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Generally available since 9.4</applies-to>
- Vector similarity functions
  - [`V_COSINE`](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/query-languages/esql/functions-operators/dense-vector-functions/v_cosine) <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Preview since 9.3</applies-to> <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Generally available since 9.4</applies-to>
- [`V_DOT_PRODUCT`](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/query-languages/esql/functions-operators/dense-vector-functions/v_dot_product) <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Preview since 9.3</applies-to> <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Generally available since 9.4</applies-to>
- [`V_HAMMING`](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/query-languages/esql/functions-operators/dense-vector-functions/v_hamming) <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Preview since 9.3</applies-to> <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Generally available since 9.4</applies-to>
- [`V_L1_NORM`](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/query-languages/esql/functions-operators/dense-vector-functions/v_l1_norm) <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Preview since 9.3</applies-to> <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Generally available since 9.4</applies-to>
- [`V_L2_NORM`](https://www.elastic.co/docs/reference/query-languages/esql/functions-operators/dense-vector-functions/v_l2_norm) <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Preview since 9.3</applies-to> <applies-to>Elastic Stack: Generally available since 9.4</applies-to>