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- Elasticsearch version 8.17.1
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- Dependencies and versions
Downsampling a time series data stream
editDownsampling a time series data stream
editDownsampling provides a method to reduce the footprint of your time series data by storing it at reduced granularity.
Metrics solutions collect large amounts of time series data that grow over time.
As that data ages, it becomes less relevant to the current state of the system.
The downsampling process rolls up documents within a fixed time interval into a
single summary document. Each summary document includes statistical
representations of the original data: the min
, max
, sum
and value_count
for each metric. Data stream time series dimensions
are stored unchanged.
Downsampling, in effect, lets you to trade data resolution and precision for storage size. You can include it in an index lifecycle management (ILM) policy to automatically manage the volume and associated cost of your metrics data at it ages.
Check the following sections to learn more:
How it works
editA time series is a sequence of observations taken over time for a specific entity. The observed samples can be represented as a continuous function, where the time series dimensions remain constant and the time series metrics change over time.
In an Elasticsearch index, a single document is created for each timestamp, containing the immutable time series dimensions, together with the metrics names and the changing metrics values. For a single timestamp, several time series dimensions and metrics may be stored.
For your most current and relevant data, the metrics series typically has a low sampling time interval, so it’s optimized for queries that require a high data resolution.
Downsampling works on older, less frequently accessed data by replacing the
original time series with both a data stream of a higher sampling interval and
statistical representations of that data. Where the original metrics samples may
have been taken, for example, every ten seconds, as the data ages you may choose
to reduce the sample granularity to hourly or daily. You may choose to reduce
the granularity of cold
archival data to monthly or less.
The downsampling process
editThe downsampling operation traverses the source TSDS index and performs the following steps:
-
Creates a new document for each value of the
_tsid
field and each@timestamp
value, rounded to thefixed_interval
defined in the downsample configuration. - For each new document, copies all time series dimensions from the source index to the target index. Dimensions in a TSDS are constant, so this is done only once per bucket.
-
For each time series metric field, computes aggregations for all documents in the bucket. Depending on the metric type of each metric field a different set of pre-aggregated results is stored:
-
gauge
: Themin
,max
,sum
, andvalue_count
are stored;value_count
is stored as typeaggregate_metric_double
. -
counter
: Thelast_value
is stored.
-
- For all other fields, the most recent value is copied to the target index.
Source and target index field mappings
editFields in the target, downsampled index are created based on fields in the original source index, as follows:
-
All fields mapped with the
time-series-dimension
parameter are created in the target downsample index with the same mapping as in the source index. -
All fields mapped with the
time_series_metric
parameter are created in the target downsample index with the same mapping as in the source index. An exception is that for fields mapped astime_series_metric: gauge
the field type is changed toaggregate_metric_double
. - All other fields that are neither dimensions nor metrics (that is, label fields), are created in the target downsample index with the same mapping that they had in the source index.
Running downsampling on time series data
editTo downsample a time series index, use the
Downsample API and set fixed_interval
to
the level of granularity that you’d like:
resp = client.indices.downsample( index="my-time-series-index", target_index="my-downsampled-time-series-index", config={ "fixed_interval": "1d" }, ) print(resp)
response = client.indices.downsample( index: 'my-time-series-index', target_index: 'my-downsampled-time-series-index', body: { fixed_interval: '1d' } ) puts response
const response = await client.indices.downsample({ index: "my-time-series-index", target_index: "my-downsampled-time-series-index", config: { fixed_interval: "1d", }, }); console.log(response);
POST /my-time-series-index/_downsample/my-downsampled-time-series-index { "fixed_interval": "1d" }
To downsample time series data as part of ILM, include a
Downsample action in your ILM policy and set fixed_interval
to the level of granularity that you’d like:
resp = client.ilm.put_lifecycle( name="my_policy", policy={ "phases": { "warm": { "actions": { "downsample": { "fixed_interval": "1h" } } } } }, ) print(resp)
response = client.ilm.put_lifecycle( policy: 'my_policy', body: { policy: { phases: { warm: { actions: { downsample: { fixed_interval: '1h' } } } } } } ) puts response
const response = await client.ilm.putLifecycle({ name: "my_policy", policy: { phases: { warm: { actions: { downsample: { fixed_interval: "1h", }, }, }, }, }, }); console.log(response);
PUT _ilm/policy/my_policy { "policy": { "phases": { "warm": { "actions": { "downsample" : { "fixed_interval": "1h" } } } } } }
Querying downsampled indices
editYou can use the _search
and _async_search
endpoints to query a downsampled index. Multiple raw data and downsampled
indices can be queried in a single request, and a single request can include
downsampled indices at different granularities (different bucket timespan). That
is, you can query data streams that contain downsampled indices with multiple
downsampling intervals (for example, 15m
, 1h
, 1d
).
The result of a time based histogram aggregation is in a uniform bucket size and
each downsampled index returns data ignoring the downsampling time interval. For
example, if you run a date_histogram
aggregation with "fixed_interval": "1m"
on a downsampled index that has been downsampled at an hourly resolution
("fixed_interval": "1h"
), the query returns one bucket with all of the data at
minute 0, then 59 empty buckets, and then a bucket with data again for the next
hour.
Notes on downsample queries
editThere are a few things to note about querying downsampled indices:
- When you run queries in Kibana and through Elastic solutions, a normal response is returned without notification that some of the queried indices are downsampled.
-
For
date histogram aggregations,
only
fixed_intervals
(and not calendar-aware intervals) are supported. -
Timezone support comes with caveats:
-
Date histograms at intervals that are multiples of an hour are based on
values generated at UTC. This works well for timezones that are on the hour, e.g.
+5:00 or -3:00, but requires offsetting the reported time buckets, e.g.
2020-01-01T10:30:00.000
instead of2020-03-07T10:00:00.000
for timezone +5:30 (India), if downsampling aggregates values per hour. In this case, the results include the fielddownsampled_results_offset: true
, to indicate that the time buckets are shifted. This can be avoided if a downsampling interval of 15 minutes is used, as it allows properly calculating hourly values for the shifted buckets. -
Date histograms at intervals that are multiples of a day are similarly
affected, in case downsampling aggregates values per day. In this case, the
beginning of each day is always calculated at UTC when generated the downsampled
values, so the time buckets need to be shifted, e.g. reported as
2020-03-07T19:00:00.000
instead of2020-03-07T00:00:00.000
for timezoneAmerica/New_York
. The fielddownsampled_results_offset: true
is added in this case too. - Daylight savings and similar peculiarities around timezones affect reported results, as documented for date histogram aggregation. Besides, downsampling at daily interval hinders tracking any information related to daylight savings changes.
-
Date histograms at intervals that are multiples of an hour are based on
values generated at UTC. This works well for timezones that are on the hour, e.g.
+5:00 or -3:00, but requires offsetting the reported time buckets, e.g.
Restrictions and limitations
editThe following restrictions and limitations apply for downsampling:
- Only indices in a time series data stream are supported.
- Data is downsampled based on the time dimension only. All other dimensions are copied to the new index without any modification.
- Within a data stream, a downsampled index replaces the original index and the original index is deleted. Only one index can exist for a given time period.
- A source index must be in read-only mode for the downsampling process to succeed. Check the Run downsampling manually example for details.
- Downsampling data for the same period many times (downsampling of a downsampled index) is supported. The downsampling interval must be a multiple of the interval of the downsampled index.
- Downsampling is provided as an ILM action. See Downsample.
- The new, downsampled index is created on the data tier of the original index and it inherits its settings (for example, the number of shards and replicas).
-
The numeric
gauge
andcounter
metric types are supported. -
The downsampling configuration is extracted from the time series data stream
index mapping. The only additional
required setting is the downsampling
fixed_interval
.
Try it out
editTo take downsampling for a test run, try our example of running downsampling manually.
Downsampling can easily be added to your ILM policy. To learn how, try our Run downsampling with ILM example.
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