Authentication in Kibana

To successfully log in to Kibana, basic authentication requires a username and password. Basic authentication is enabled by default, and is based on the Native, LDAP, or Active Directory security realm that is provided by Elasticsearch. The basic authentication provider uses a Kibana provided login form, and supports authentication using the Authorization request header Basic scheme.

For more information about basic authentication and built-in users, see User authentication.

Token authentication allows users to log in using the same Kibana provided login form as basic authentication, and is based on the Native security realm or LDAP security realm that is provided by Elasticsearch. The token authentication provider is built on Elasticsearch token APIs.

Prior to configuring Kibana, ensure token support is enabled in Elasticsearch. See the Elasticsearch token API documentation for more information.

To enable the token authentication provider in Kibana, set the following value in your kibana.yml:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  token.token1:
    order: 0

Switching to the token authentication provider from basic one will make Kibana to reject requests from applications like curl that usually use Authorization request header with the Basic scheme for authentication. If you still want to support such applications you’ll have to either switch to using Bearer scheme with the tokens created by Elasticsearch token API or add Basic scheme to the list of supported schemes for the HTTP authentication.

PKI authentication allows users to log into Kibana using X.509 client certificates that must be presented while connecting to Kibana. The certificates must first be accepted for authentication on the Kibana TLS layer, and then they are further validated by an Elasticsearch PKI realm. The PKI authentication provider relies on the Elasticsearch Delegate PKI authentication API to exchange X.509 client certificates to access tokens. All subsequent requests to Elasticsearch APIs on behalf of users will be authenticated using these access tokens.

Prior to configuring Kibana, ensure that the PKI realm is enabled in Elasticsearch and configured to permit delegation. See Configuring a PKI realm for more information.

To enable the PKI authentication provider in Kibana, you must first configure Kibana to encrypt communications between the browser and Kibana server. You must also enable TLS client authentication and include the certificate authority (CA) used to sign client certificates into a list of CAs trusted by Kibana in your kibana.yml:

server.ssl.certificateAuthorities: /path/to/your/cacert.pem
server.ssl.clientAuthentication: required
xpack.security.authc.providers:
  pki.pki1:
    order: 0

You can also configure both PKI and basic authentication for the same Kibana instance:

server.ssl.clientAuthentication: optional
xpack.security.authc.providers:
  pki.pki1:
    order: 0
  basic.basic1:
    order: 1

Note that with server.ssl.clientAuthentication set to required, users are asked to provide a valid client certificate, even if they want to authenticate with username and password. Depending on the security policies, it may or may not be desired. If not, server.ssl.clientAuthentication can be set to optional. In this case, Kibana still requests a client certificate, but the client won’t be required to present one. The optional client authentication mode might also be needed in other cases, for example, when PKI authentication is used in conjunction with Reporting.

SAML authentication allows users to log in to Kibana with an external Identity Provider, such as Okta or Auth0. Make sure that SAML is enabled and configured in Elasticsearch before setting it up in Kibana. See Configuring SAML single sign-on on the Elastic Stack.

Enable the SAML authentication specifying which SAML realm in Elasticsearch should be used:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  saml.saml1:
    order: 0
    realm: saml1

You can log in to Kibana via SAML Single Sign-On by navigating directly to the Kibana URL. If you aren’t authenticated, you are redirected to the Identity Provider for login. Most Identity Providers maintain a long-lived session. If you log in to a different application using the same Identity Provider in the same browser, you are automatically authenticated. An exception is if Elasticsearch or the Identity Provider is configured to force you to re-authenticate. This login scenario is called Service Provider initiated login.

It’s also possible to configure multiple SAML authentication providers at the same time. In this case, you will need to choose which provider to use for login at the Login Selector UI:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  saml.saml1:
    order: 0
    realm: saml1
    description: "Log in with Elastic"
  saml.saml2:
    order: 1
    realm: saml2
    description: "Log in with Auth0"

You can also configure both SAML and basic authentication for the same Kibana instance. This might be the case for Kibana or Elasticsearch admins whose accounts aren’t linked to the Single Sign-On users database:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  saml.saml1:
    order: 0
    realm: saml1
    description: "Log in with Elastic"
  basic.basic1:
    order: 1

Basic authentication is supported only if the basic authentication provider is explicitly declared in xpack.security.authc.providers setting, in addition to saml.

To support basic authentication for the applications like curl or when the Authorization: Basic base64(username:password) HTTP header is included in the request (for example, by reverse proxy), add Basic scheme to the list of supported schemes for the HTTP authentication.

Similar to SAML, authentication with OpenID Connect allows users to log in to Kibana using an OpenID Connect Provider such as Google, or Okta. OpenID Connect should also be configured in Elasticsearch. For more details, see Configuring single sign-on to the Elastic Stack using OpenID Connect.

Enable the OpenID Connect authentication specifying which OpenID Connect realm in Elasticsearch should be used:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  oidc.oidc1:
    order: 0
    realm: oidc1

If you want to use Third Party initiated Single Sign-On, configure your OpenID Provider to use /api/security/oidc/initiate_login as Initiate Login URI.

It’s also possible to configure multiple OpenID Connect authentication providers at the same time. In this case, you need to choose which provider to use for login at the Login Selector UI:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  oidc.oidc1:
    order: 0
    realm: oidc1
    description: "Log in with Elastic"
  oidc.oidc2:
    order: 1
    realm: oidc2
    description: "Log in with Auth0"

You can also configure both OpenID Connect and basic authentication for the same Kibana instance. This might be the case for Kibana or Elasticsearch admins whose accounts aren’t linked to the Single Sign-On users database:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  oidc.oidc1:
    order: 0
    realm: oidc1
    description: "Log in with Elastic"
  basic.basic1:
    order: 1

Basic authentication is supported only if the basic authentication provider is explicitly declared in xpack.security.authc.providers setting, in addition to oidc.

To support basic authentication for the applications like curl or when the Authorization: Basic base64(username:password) HTTP header is included in the request (for example, by reverse proxy), add Basic scheme to the list of supported schemes for the HTTP authentication.

The following sections apply both to SAML single sign-on and OpenID Connect single sign-on

Once the user logs in to Kibana Single Sign-On, either using SAML or OpenID Connect, Elasticsearch issues access and refresh tokens that Kibana encrypts and stores as a part of its own session. This way, the user isn’t redirected to the Identity Provider for every request that requires authentication. It also means that the Kibana session depends on the xpack.security.session.idleTimeout and xpack.security.session.lifespan settings, and the user is automatically logged out if the session expires. An access token that is stored in the session can expire, in which case Kibana will automatically renew it with a one-time-use refresh token and store it in the same session.

Kibana can only determine if an access token has expired if it receives a request that requires authentication. If both access and refresh tokens have already expired (for example, after 24 hours of inactivity), Kibana initiates a new "handshake" and redirects the user to the external authentication provider (SAML Identity Provider or OpenID Connect Provider) Depending on Elasticsearch and the external authentication provider configuration, the user might be asked to re-enter credentials.

If Kibana can’t redirect the user to the external authentication provider (for example, for AJAX/XHR requests), an error indicates that both access and refresh tokens are expired. Reloading the current Kibana page fixes the error.

During logout, both the Kibana session and Elasticsearch access/refresh token pair are invalidated. This is known as "local" logout.

Kibana can also initiate a "global" logout or Single Logout if it’s supported by the external authentication provider and not explicitly disabled by Elasticsearch. In this case, the user is redirected to the external authentication provider for log out of all applications associated with the active provider session.

As with the previous SSOs, make sure that you have configured Elasticsearch first accordingly. See Kerberos authentication.

Next, to enable Kerberos in Kibana, you will need to enable the Kerberos authentication provider in the kibana.yml configuration file, as follows:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  kerberos.kerberos1:
    order: 0

You may want to be able to authenticate with the basic authentication provider as a secondary mechanism or while you are setting up Kerberos for the stack:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  kerberos.kerberos1:
    order: 0
    description: "Log in with Kerberos"
  basic.basic1:
    order: 1

Anonymous authentication gives users access to Kibana without requiring them to provide credentials. This can be useful if you want your users to skip the login step when you embed dashboards in another application or set up a demo Kibana instance in your internal network, while still keeping other security features intact.

To enable anonymous authentication in Kibana, you must decide what credentials the anonymous service account Kibana should use internally to authenticate anonymous requests.

There are three ways to specify these credentials:

If you have a user who can authenticate to Elasticsearch using username and password, for instance from the Native or LDAP security realms, you can also use these credentials to impersonate the anonymous users. Here is how your kibana.yml might look if you use username and password credentials:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  anonymous.anonymous1:
    order: 0
    credentials:
      username: "anonymous_service_account"
      password: "anonymous_service_account_password"

If using username and password credentials isn’t desired or feasible, then you can create a dedicated API key for the anonymous service account. In this case, your kibana.yml might look like this:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  anonymous.anonymous1:
    order: 0
    credentials:
      apiKey: "VnVhQ2ZHY0JDZGJrUW0tZTVhT3g6dWkybHAyYXhUTm1zeWFrdzl0dk5udw=="

The previous configuration snippet uses an API key string that is the result of base64-encoding of the id and api_key fields returned from the Elasticsearch API, joined by a colon. You can also specify these fields separately, and Kibana will do the concatenation and base64-encoding for you:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  anonymous.anonymous1:
    order: 0
    credentials:
      apiKey.id: "VuaCfGcBCdbkQm-e5aOx"
      apiKey.key: "ui2lp2axTNmsyakw9tvNnw"

It’s also possible to use Kibana anonymous access in conjunction with the Elasticsearch anonymous access.

Prior to configuring Kibana, ensure that anonymous access is enabled and properly configured in Elasticsearch. See Enabling anonymous access for more information.

Here is how your kibana.yml might look like if you want to use Elasticsearch anonymous access to impersonate anonymous users in Kibana:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  anonymous.anonymous1:
    order: 0
    credentials: "elasticsearch_anonymous_user" 

You can configure more authentication providers in addition to anonymous access in Kibana. In this case, the Login Selector presents a configurable Continue as Guest option for anonymous access:

xpack.security.authc.providers:
  basic.basic1:
    order: 0
  anonymous.anonymous1:
    order: 1
    credentials:
      username: "anonymous_service_account"
      password: "anonymous_service_account_password"

One of the most popular use cases for anonymous access is when you embed Kibana into other applications and don’t want to force your users to log in to view it. If you configured Kibana to use anonymous access as the sole authentication mechanism, you don’t need to do anything special while embedding Kibana.

If you have multiple authentication providers enabled, and you want to automatically log in anonymous users when embedding, then you will need to manually modify the Kibana URL in the iframe code. For more information, refer to Embed Kibana content in a web page.

HTTP protocol provides a simple authentication framework that can be used by a client to provide authentication information. It uses a case-insensitive token as a means to identify the authentication scheme, followed by additional information necessary for achieving authentication via that scheme.

This type of authentication is usually useful for machine-to-machine interaction that requires authentication and where human intervention is not desired or just infeasible. There are a number of use cases when HTTP authentication support comes in handy for Kibana users as well.

By default Kibana supports ApiKey authentication scheme and any scheme supported by the currently enabled authentication provider. For example, Basic authentication scheme is automatically supported when basic authentication provider is enabled, or Bearer scheme when any of the token based authentication providers is enabled (Token, SAML, OpenID Connect, PKI or Kerberos). But it’s also possible to add support for any other authentication scheme in the kibana.yml configuration file, as follows:

xpack.security.authc.http.schemes: [apikey, basic, something-custom]

With this configuration, you can send requests to Kibana with the Authorization header using ApiKey, Basic or Something-Custom HTTP schemes (case insensitive). Under the hood, Kibana relays this header to Elasticsearch, then Elasticsearch authenticates the request using the credentials in the header.