elasticsearch-node

The elasticsearch-node command enables you to perform certain unsafe operations on a node that are only possible while it is shut down. This command allows you to adjust the role of a node and may be able to recover some data after a disaster or start a node even if it is incompatible with the data on disk.

bin/elasticsearch-node repurpose|unsafe-bootstrap|detach-cluster|override-version
  [--ordinal <Integer>] [-E <KeyValuePair>]
  [-h, --help] ([-s, --silent] | [-v, --verbose])

This tool has four modes:

There may be situations where you want to repurpose a node without following the proper repurposing processes. The elasticsearch-node repurpose tool allows you to delete any excess on-disk data and start a node after repurposing it.

The intended use is:

If you run elasticsearch-node repurpose on a node with node.data: false and node.master: true then it will delete any remaining shard data on that node, but it will leave the index and cluster metadata alone. If you run elasticsearch-node repurpose on a node with node.data: false and node.master: false then it will delete any remaining shard data and index metadata, but it will leave the cluster metadata alone.

The tool provides a summary of the data to be deleted and asks for confirmation before making any changes. You can get detailed information about the affected indices and shards by passing the verbose (-v) option.

Sometimes Elasticsearch nodes are temporarily stopped, perhaps because of the need to perform some maintenance activity or perhaps because of a hardware failure. After you resolve the temporary condition and restart the node, it will rejoin the cluster and continue normally. Depending on your configuration, your cluster may be able to remain completely available even while one or more of its nodes are stopped.

Sometimes it might not be possible to restart a node after it has stopped. For example, the node’s host may suffer from a hardware problem that cannot be repaired. If the cluster is still available then you can start up a fresh node on another host and Elasticsearch will bring this node into the cluster in place of the failed node.

Each node stores its data in the data directories defined by the path.data setting. This means that in a disaster you can also restart a node by moving its data directories to another host, presuming that those data directories can be recovered from the faulty host.

Elasticsearch requires a response from a majority of the master-eligible nodes in order to elect a master and to update the cluster state. This means that if you have three master-eligible nodes then the cluster will remain available even if one of them has failed. However if two of the three master-eligible nodes fail then the cluster will be unavailable until at least one of them is restarted.

In very rare circumstances it may not be possible to restart enough nodes to restore the cluster’s availability. If such a disaster occurs, you should build a new cluster from a recent snapshot and re-import any data that was ingested since that snapshot was taken.

However, if the disaster is serious enough then it may not be possible to recover from a recent snapshot either. Unfortunately in this case there is no way forward that does not risk data loss, but it may be possible to use the elasticsearch-node tool to construct a new cluster that contains some of the data from the failed cluster.

The data that Elasticsearch writes to disk is designed to be read by the current version and a limited set of future versions. It cannot generally be read by older versions, nor by versions that are more than one major version newer. The data stored on disk includes the version of the node that wrote it, and Elasticsearch checks that it is compatible with this version when starting up.

In rare circumstances it may be desirable to bypass this check and start up an Elasticsearch node using data that was written by an incompatible version. This may not work if the format of the stored data has changed, and it is a risky process because it is possible for the format to change in ways that Elasticsearch may misinterpret, silently leading to data loss.

To bypass this check, you can use the elasticsearch-node override-version tool to overwrite the version number stored in the data path with the current version, causing Elasticsearch to believe that it is compatible with the on-disk data.

If there is at least one remaining master-eligible node, but it is not possible to restart a majority of them, then the elasticsearch-node unsafe-bootstrap command will unsafely override the cluster’s voting configuration as if performing another cluster bootstrapping process. The target node can then form a new cluster on its own by using the cluster metadata held locally on the target node.

Since unsafe bootstrapping forms a new cluster containing a single node, once you have run it you must use the elasticsearch-node detach-cluster tool to migrate any other surviving nodes from the failed cluster into this new cluster.

When you run the elasticsearch-node unsafe-bootstrap tool it will analyse the state of the node and ask for confirmation before taking any action. Before asking for confirmation it reports the term and version of the cluster state on the node on which it runs as follows:

Current node cluster state (term, version) pair is (4, 12)

If you have a choice of nodes on which to run this tool then you should choose one with a term that is as large as possible. If there is more than one node with the same term, pick the one with the largest version. This information identifies the node with the freshest cluster state, which minimizes the quantity of data that might be lost. For example, if the first node reports (4, 12) and a second node reports (5, 3), then the second node is preferred since its term is larger. However if the second node reports (3, 17) then the first node is preferred since its term is larger. If the second node reports (4, 10) then it has the same term as the first node, but has a smaller version, so the first node is preferred.

The sequence of operations for using this tool are as follows:

When you run the tool it will make sure that the node that is being used to bootstrap the cluster is not running. It is important that all other master-eligible nodes are also stopped while this tool is running, but the tool does not check this.

The message Master node was successfully bootstrapped does not mean that there has been no data loss, it just means that tool was able to complete its job.

It is unsafe for nodes to move between clusters, because different clusters have completely different cluster metadata. There is no way to safely merge the metadata from two clusters together.

To protect against inadvertently joining the wrong cluster, each cluster creates a unique identifier, known as the cluster UUID, when it first starts up. Every node records the UUID of its cluster and refuses to join a cluster with a different UUID.

However, if a node’s cluster has permanently failed then it may be desirable to try and move it into a new cluster. The elasticsearch-node detach-cluster command lets you detach a node from its cluster by resetting its cluster UUID. It can then join another cluster with a different UUID.

For example, after unsafe cluster bootstrapping you will need to detach all the other surviving nodes from their old cluster so they can join the new, unsafely-bootstrapped cluster.

Unsafe cluster bootstrapping is only possible if there is at least one surviving master-eligible node. If there are no remaining master-eligible nodes then the cluster metadata is completely lost. However, the individual data nodes also contain a copy of the index metadata corresponding with their shards. This sometimes allows a new cluster to import these shards as dangling indices. You can sometimes recover some indices after the loss of all master-eligible nodes in a cluster by creating a new cluster and then using the elasticsearch-node detach-cluster command to move any surviving nodes into this new cluster.

There is a risk of data loss when importing a dangling index because data nodes may not have the most recent copy of the index metadata and do not have any information about which shard copies are in-sync. This means that a stale shard copy may be selected to be the primary, and some of the shards may be incompatible with the imported mapping.

The sequence of operations for using this tool are as follows:

The message Node was successfully detached from the cluster does not mean that there has been no data loss, it just means that tool was able to complete its job.

In this example, a former data node is repurposed as a dedicated master node. First update the node’s settings to node.master: true and node.data: false in its elasticsearch.yml config file. Then run the elasticsearch-node repurpose command to find and remove excess shard data:

node$ ./bin/elasticsearch-node repurpose

    WARNING: Elasticsearch MUST be stopped before running this tool.

Found 2 shards in 2 indices to clean up
Use -v to see list of paths and indices affected
Node is being re-purposed as master and no-data. Clean-up of shard data will be performed.
Do you want to proceed?
Confirm [y/N] y
Node successfully repurposed to master and no-data.

In this example, a node that previously held data is repurposed as a coordinating-only node. First update the node’s settings to node.master: false and node.data: false in its elasticsearch.yml config file. Then run the elasticsearch-node repurpose command to find and remove excess shard data and index metadata:

node$./bin/elasticsearch-node repurpose

    WARNING: Elasticsearch MUST be stopped before running this tool.

Found 2 indices (2 shards and 2 index meta data) to clean up
Use -v to see list of paths and indices affected
Node is being re-purposed as no-master and no-data. Clean-up of index data will be performed.
Do you want to proceed?
Confirm [y/N] y
Node successfully repurposed to no-master and no-data.

Suppose your cluster had five master-eligible nodes and you have permanently lost three of them, leaving two nodes remaining.

node_1$ ./bin/elasticsearch-node unsafe-bootstrap

    WARNING: Elasticsearch MUST be stopped before running this tool.

Current node cluster state (term, version) pair is (4, 12)

You should only run this tool if you have permanently lost half or more
of the master-eligible nodes in this cluster, and you cannot restore the
cluster from a snapshot. This tool can cause arbitrary data loss and its
use should be your last resort. If you have multiple surviving master
eligible nodes, you should run this tool on the node with the highest
cluster state (term, version) pair.

Do you want to proceed?

Confirm [y/N] n

node_2$ ./bin/elasticsearch-node unsafe-bootstrap

    WARNING: Elasticsearch MUST be stopped before running this tool.

Current node cluster state (term, version) pair is (5, 3)

You should only run this tool if you have permanently lost half or more
of the master-eligible nodes in this cluster, and you cannot restore the
cluster from a snapshot. This tool can cause arbitrary data loss and its
use should be your last resort. If you have multiple surviving master
eligible nodes, you should run this tool on the node with the highest
cluster state (term, version) pair.

Do you want to proceed?

Confirm [y/N] n

node_2$ ./bin/elasticsearch-node unsafe-bootstrap

    WARNING: Elasticsearch MUST be stopped before running this tool.

Current node cluster state (term, version) pair is (5, 3)

You should only run this tool if you have permanently lost half or more
of the master-eligible nodes in this cluster, and you cannot restore the
cluster from a snapshot. This tool can cause arbitrary data loss and its
use should be your last resort. If you have multiple surviving master
eligible nodes, you should run this tool on the node with the highest
cluster state (term, version) pair.

Do you want to proceed?

Confirm [y/N] y
Master node was successfully bootstrapped

After unsafely bootstrapping a new cluster, run the elasticsearch-node detach-cluster command to detach all remaining nodes from the failed cluster so they can join the new cluster:

node_3$ ./bin/elasticsearch-node detach-cluster

    WARNING: Elasticsearch MUST be stopped before running this tool.

You should only run this tool if you have permanently lost all of the
master-eligible nodes in this cluster and you cannot restore the cluster
from a snapshot, or you have already unsafely bootstrapped a new cluster
by running `elasticsearch-node unsafe-bootstrap` on a master-eligible
node that belonged to the same cluster as this node. This tool can cause
arbitrary data loss and its use should be your last resort.

Do you want to proceed?

Confirm [y/N] y
Node was successfully detached from the cluster

Run the elasticsearch-node override-version command to overwrite the version stored in the data path so that a node can start despite being incompatible with the data stored in the data path:

node$ ./bin/elasticsearch-node override-version

    WARNING: Elasticsearch MUST be stopped before running this tool.

This data path was last written by Elasticsearch version [x.x.x] and may no
longer be compatible with Elasticsearch version [y.y.y]. This tool will bypass
this compatibility check, allowing a version [y.y.y] node to start on this data
path, but a version [y.y.y] node may not be able to read this data or may read
it incorrectly leading to data loss.

You should not use this tool. Instead, continue to use a version [x.x.x] node
on this data path. If necessary, you can use reindex-from-remote to copy the
data from here into an older cluster.

Do you want to proceed?

Confirm [y/N] y
Successfully overwrote this node's metadata to bypass its version compatibility checks.