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Date/Time and Interval Functions and Operators

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Date/Time and Interval Functions and Operators

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Elasticsearch SQL offers a wide range of facilities for performing date/time manipulations.

Intervals

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A common requirement when dealing with date/time in general revolves around the notion of interval, a topic that is worth exploring in the context of Elasticsearch and Elasticsearch SQL.

Elasticsearch has comprehensive support for date math both inside index names and queries. Inside Elasticsearch SQL the former is supported as is by passing the expression in the table name, while the latter is supported through the standard SQL INTERVAL.

The table below shows the mapping between Elasticsearch and Elasticsearch SQL:

Elasticsearch	Elasticsearch SQL
Index/Table datetime math
`<index-{now/M{YYYY.MM}}>`
Query date/time math
`1y`	`INTERVAL 1 YEAR`
`2M`	`INTERVAL 2 MONTH`
`3w`	`INTERVAL 21 DAY`
`4d`	`INTERVAL 4 DAY`
`5h`	`INTERVAL 5 HOUR`
`6m`	`INTERVAL 6 MINUTE`
`7s`	`INTERVAL 7 SECOND`

INTERVAL allows either YEAR and MONTH to be mixed together or DAY, HOUR, MINUTE and SECOND.

Elasticsearch SQL accepts also the plural for each time unit (e.g. both YEAR and YEARS are valid).

Example of the possible combinations below:

Interval	Description
`INTERVAL '1-2' YEAR TO MONTH`	1 year and 2 months
`INTERVAL '3 4' DAYS TO HOURS`	3 days and 4 hours
`INTERVAL '5 6:12' DAYS TO MINUTES`	5 days, 6 hours and 12 minutes
`INTERVAL '3 4:56:01' DAY TO SECOND`	3 days, 4 hours, 56 minutes and 1 second
`INTERVAL '2 3:45:01.23456789' DAY TO SECOND`	2 days, 3 hours, 45 minutes, 1 second and 234567890 nanoseconds
`INTERVAL '123:45' HOUR TO MINUTES`	123 hours and 45 minutes
`INTERVAL '65:43:21.0123' HOUR TO SECONDS`	65 hours, 43 minutes, 21 seconds and 12300000 nanoseconds
`INTERVAL '45:01.23' MINUTES TO SECONDS`	45 minutes, 1 second and 230000000 nanoseconds

Operators

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Basic arithmetic operators (+, -, etc) support date/time parameters as indicated below:

SELECT INTERVAL 1 DAY + INTERVAL 53 MINUTES AS result;

    result
---------------
+1 00:53:00.0

SELECT CAST('1969-05-13T12:34:56' AS DATETIME) + INTERVAL 49 YEARS AS result;

       result
--------------------
2018-05-13T12:34:56Z

SELECT - INTERVAL '49-1' YEAR TO MONTH result;

    result
---------------
-49-1

SELECT INTERVAL '1' DAY - INTERVAL '2' HOURS AS result;

    result
---------------
+0 22:00:00.0

SELECT CAST('2018-05-13T12:34:56' AS DATETIME) - INTERVAL '2-8' YEAR TO MONTH AS result;

       result
--------------------
2015-09-13T12:34:56Z

SELECT -2 * INTERVAL '3' YEARS AS result;

    result
---------------
-6-0

Functions

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Functions that target date/time.

`CURRENT_DATE/CURDATE`

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Synopsis:

CURRENT_DATE
CURRENT_DATE()
CURDATE()

Input: none

Output: date

Description:Returns the date (no time part) when the current query reached the server. It can be used both as a keyword: CURRENT_DATE or as a function with no arguments: CURRENT_DATE().

Unlike CURRENT_DATE, CURDATE() can only be used as a function with no arguments and not as a keyword.

This method always returns the same value for its every occurrence within the same query.

SELECT CURRENT_DATE AS result;

         result
------------------------
2018-12-12

SELECT CURRENT_DATE() AS result;

         result
------------------------
2018-12-12

SELECT CURDATE() AS result;

         result
------------------------
2018-12-12

Typically, this function (as well as its twin TODAY()) function is used for relative date filtering:

SELECT first_name FROM emp WHERE hire_date > TODAY() - INTERVAL 35 YEARS ORDER BY first_name ASC LIMIT 5;

 first_name
------------
Alejandro
Amabile
Anneke
Anoosh
Arumugam

`CURRENT_TIME/CURTIME`

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Synopsis:

CURRENT_TIME
CURRENT_TIME([precision]) 
CURTIME

Input:

fractional digits; optional

Output: time

Description:Returns the time when the current query reached the server. As a function, CURRENT_TIME() accepts precision as an optional parameter for rounding the second fractional digits (nanoseconds). The default precision is 3, meaning a milliseconds precision current time will be returned.

This method always returns the same value for its every occurrence within the same query.

SELECT CURRENT_TIME AS result;

         result
------------------------
12:31:27.237Z

SELECT CURRENT_TIME() AS result;

         result
------------------------
12:31:27.237Z

SELECT CURTIME() AS result;

         result
------------------------
12:31:27.237Z

SELECT CURRENT_TIME(1) AS result;

         result
------------------------
12:31:27.2Z

Typically, this function is used for relative date/time filtering:

SELECT first_name FROM emp WHERE CAST(hire_date AS TIME) > CURRENT_TIME() - INTERVAL 20 MINUTES ORDER BY first_name ASC LIMIT 5;

  first_name
---------------
Alejandro
Amabile
Anneke
Anoosh
Arumugam

Currently, using a precision greater than 3 doesn’t make any difference to the output of the function as the maximum number of second fractional digits returned is 3 (milliseconds).

`CURRENT_TIMESTAMP`

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Synopsis:

CURRENT_TIMESTAMP
CURRENT_TIMESTAMP([precision])

Input:

fractional digits; optional

Output: date/time

Description:Returns the date/time when the current query reached the server. As a function, CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() accepts precision as an optional parameter for rounding the second fractional digits (nanoseconds). The default precision is 3, meaning a milliseconds precision current date/time will be returned.

This method always returns the same value for its every occurrence within the same query.

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP AS result;

         result
------------------------
2018-12-12T14:48:52.448Z

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() AS result;

         result
------------------------
2018-12-12T14:48:52.448Z

SELECT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(1) AS result;

         result
------------------------
2018-12-12T14:48:52.4Z

Typically, this function (as well as its twin NOW()) function is used for relative date/time filtering:

SELECT first_name FROM emp WHERE hire_date > NOW() - INTERVAL 100 YEARS ORDER BY first_name ASC LIMIT 5;

  first_name
---------------
Alejandro
Amabile
Anneke
Anoosh
Arumugam

Currently, using a precision greater than 3 doesn’t make any difference to the output of the function as the maximum number of second fractional digits returned is 3 (milliseconds).

`DAY_OF_MONTH/DOM/DAY`

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Synopsis:

DAY_OF_MONTH(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the day of the month from a date/datetime.

SELECT DAY_OF_MONTH(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS day;

      day
---------------
19

`DAY_OF_WEEK/DAYOFWEEK/DOW`

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Synopsis:

DAY_OF_WEEK(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the day of the week from a date/datetime. Sunday is 1, Monday is 2, etc.

SELECT DAY_OF_WEEK(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS day;

      day
---------------
2

`DAY_OF_YEAR/DOY`

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Synopsis:

DAY_OF_YEAR(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the day of the year from a date/datetime.

SELECT DAY_OF_YEAR(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS day;

      day
---------------
50

`DAY_NAME/DAYNAME`

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Synopsis:

DAY_NAME(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: string

Description:Extract the day of the week from a date/datetime in text format (Monday, Tuesday…).

SELECT DAY_NAME(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS day;

      day
---------------
Monday

`HOUR_OF_DAY/HOUR`

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Synopsis:

HOUR_OF_DAY(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the hour of the day from a date/datetime.

SELECT HOUR_OF_DAY(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS hour;

     hour
---------------
10

`ISO_DAY_OF_WEEK/ISODAYOFWEEK/ISODOW/IDOW`

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Synopsis:

ISO_DAY_OF_WEEK(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the day of the week from a date/datetime, following the ISO 8601 standard. Monday is 1, Tuesday is 2, etc.

SELECT ISO_DAY_OF_WEEK(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS day;

      day
---------------
1

`ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR/ISOWEEKOFYEAR/ISOWEEK/IWOY/IW`

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Synopsis:

ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the week of the year from a date/datetime, following ISO 8601 standard. The first week of a year is the first week with a majority (4 or more) of its days in January.

SELECT ISO_WEEK_OF_YEAR(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS week;

     week
---------------
8

`MINUTE_OF_DAY`

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Synopsis:

MINUTE_OF_DAY(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the minute of the day from a date/datetime.

SELECT MINUTE_OF_DAY(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS minute;

    minute
---------------
623

`MINUTE_OF_HOUR/MINUTE`

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Synopsis:

MINUTE_OF_HOUR(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the minute of the hour from a date/datetime.

SELECT MINUTE_OF_HOUR(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS minute;

    minute
---------------
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`MONTH_OF_YEAR/MONTH`

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Synopsis:

MONTH(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the month of the year from a date/datetime.

SELECT MONTH_OF_YEAR(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS month;

     month
---------------
2

`MONTH_NAME/MONTHNAME`

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Synopsis:

MONTH_NAME(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: string

Description:Extract the month from a date/datetime in text format (January, February…).

SELECT MONTH_NAME(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS month;

     month
---------------
February

`NOW`

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Synopsis:

NOW()

Input: none

Output: datetime

Description:This function offers the same functionality as CURRENT_TIMESTAMP() function: returns the datetime when the current query reached the server. This method always returns the same value for its every occurrence within the same query.

SELECT NOW() AS result;

         result
------------------------
2018-12-12T14:48:52.448Z

Typically, this function (as well as its twin CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()) function is used for relative date/time filtering:

SELECT first_name FROM emp WHERE hire_date > NOW() - INTERVAL 100 YEARS ORDER BY first_name ASC LIMIT 5;

  first_name
---------------
Alejandro
Amabile
Anneke
Anoosh
Arumugam

`SECOND_OF_MINUTE/SECOND`

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Synopsis:

SECOND_OF_MINUTE(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the second of the minute from a date/datetime.

SELECT SECOND_OF_MINUTE(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS second;

    second
---------------
27

`QUARTER`

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Synopsis:

QUARTER(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the year quarter the date/datetime falls in.

SELECT QUARTER(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS quarter;

    quarter
---------------
1

`TODAY`

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Synopsis:

TODAY()

Input: none

Output: date

Description:This function offers the same functionality as CURRENT_DATE() function: returns the date when the current query reached the server. This method always returns the same value for its every occurrence within the same query.

SELECT TODAY() AS result;

         result
------------------------
2018-12-12

Typically, this function (as well as its twin CURRENT_TIMESTAMP()) function is used for relative date filtering:

SELECT first_name FROM emp WHERE hire_date > TODAY() - INTERVAL 35 YEARS ORDER BY first_name ASC LIMIT 5;

 first_name
------------
Alejandro
Amabile
Anneke
Anoosh
Arumugam

`WEEK_OF_YEAR/WEEK`

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Synopsis:

WEEK_OF_YEAR(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the week of the year from a date/datetime.

SELECT WEEK(CAST('1988-01-05T09:22:10Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS week, ISOWEEK(CAST('1988-01-05T09:22:10Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS isoweek;

      week     |   isoweek
---------------+---------------
2              |1

`YEAR`

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Synopsis:

YEAR(datetime_exp)

Input:

date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract the year from a date/datetime.

SELECT YEAR(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS year;

     year
---------------
2018

`EXTRACT`

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Synopsis:

EXTRACT(
    datetime_function  
    FROM datetime_exp)

Input:

	date/time function name
	date/datetime expression

Output: integer

Description:Extract fields from a date/datetime by specifying the name of a datetime function. The following

SELECT EXTRACT(DAY_OF_YEAR FROM CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS day;

      day
---------------
50

is the equivalent to

SELECT DAY_OF_YEAR(CAST('2018-02-19T10:23:27Z' AS TIMESTAMP)) AS day;

      day
---------------
50

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