Removal of mapping types

Since the first release of Elasticsearch, each document has been stored in a single index and assigned a single mapping type. A mapping type was used to represent the type of document or entity being indexed, for instance a twitter index might have a user type and a tweet type.

Each mapping type could have its own fields, so the user type might have a full_name field, a user_name field, and an email field, while the tweet type could have a content field, a tweeted_at field and, like the user type, a user_name field.

Each document had a _type meta-field containing the type name, and searches could be limited to one or more types by specifying the type name(s) in the URL:

GET twitter/user,tweet/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "user_name": "kimchy"
    }
  }
}

The _type field was combined with the document’s _id to generate a _uid field, so documents of different types with the same _id could exist in a single index.

Mapping types were also used to establish a parent-child relationship between documents, so documents of type question could be parents to documents of type answer.

Initially, we spoke about an “index” being similar to a “database” in an SQL database, and a “type” being equivalent to a “table”.

This was a bad analogy that led to incorrect assumptions. In an SQL database, tables are independent of each other. The columns in one table have no bearing on columns with the same name in another table. This is not the case for fields in a mapping type.

In an Elasticsearch index, fields that have the same name in different mapping types are backed by the same Lucene field internally. In other words, using the example above, the user_name field in the user type is stored in exactly the same field as the user_name field in the tweet type, and both user_name fields must have the same mapping (definition) in both types.

This can lead to frustration when, for example, you want deleted to be a date field in one type and a boolean field in another type in the same index.

On top of that, storing different entities that have few or no fields in common in the same index leads to sparse data and interferes with Lucene’s ability to compress documents efficiently.

For these reasons, we have decided to remove the concept of mapping types from Elasticsearch.

The first alternative is to have an index per document type. Instead of storing tweets and users in a single twitter index, you could store tweets in the tweets index and users in the user index. Indices are completely independent of each other and so there will be no conflict of field types between indices.

This approach has two benefits:

Each index can be sized appropriately for the number of documents it will contain: you can use a smaller number of primary shards for users and a larger number of primary shards for tweets.

Of course, there is a limit to how many primary shards can exist in a cluster so you may not want to waste an entire shard for a collection of only a few thousand documents. In this case, you can implement your own custom type field which will work in a similar way to the old _type.

Let’s take the user/tweet example above. Originally, the workflow would have looked something like this:

PUT twitter
{
  "mappings": {
    "user": {
      "properties": {
        "name": { "type": "text" },
        "user_name": { "type": "keyword" },
        "email": { "type": "keyword" }
      }
    },
    "tweet": {
      "properties": {
        "content": { "type": "text" },
        "user_name": { "type": "keyword" },
        "tweeted_at": { "type": "date" }
      }
    }
  }
}

PUT twitter/user/kimchy
{
  "name": "Shay Banon",
  "user_name": "kimchy",
  "email": "shay@kimchy.com"
}

PUT twitter/tweet/1
{
  "user_name": "kimchy",
  "tweeted_at": "2017-10-24T09:00:00Z",
  "content": "Types are going away"
}

GET twitter/tweet/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "user_name": "kimchy"
    }
  }
}

You could achieve the same thing by adding a custom type field as follows:

PUT twitter
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc": {
      "properties": {
        "type": { "type": "keyword" }, 
        "name": { "type": "text" },
        "user_name": { "type": "keyword" },
        "email": { "type": "keyword" },
        "content": { "type": "text" },
        "tweeted_at": { "type": "date" }
      }
    }
  }
}

PUT twitter/doc/user-kimchy
{
  "type": "user", 
  "name": "Shay Banon",
  "user_name": "kimchy",
  "email": "shay@kimchy.com"
}

PUT twitter/doc/tweet-1
{
  "type": "tweet", 
  "user_name": "kimchy",
  "tweeted_at": "2017-10-24T09:00:00Z",
  "content": "Types are going away"
}

GET twitter/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": {
        "match": {
          "user_name": "kimchy"
        }
      },
      "filter": {
        "match": {
          "type": "tweet" 
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

Previously, a parent-child relationship was represented by making one mapping type the parent, and one or more other mapping types the children. Without types, we can no longer use this syntax. The parent-child feature will continue to function as before, except that the way of expressing the relationship between documents has been changed to use the new join field.

This is a big change for our users, so we have tried to make it as painless as possible. The change will roll out as follows:

The Reindex API can be used to convert multi-type indices to single-type indices. The following examples can be used in Elasticsearch 5.6 or Elasticsearch 6.x. In 6.x, there is no need to specify index.mapping.single_type as that is the default.

This first example splits our twitter index into a tweets index and a users index:

PUT users
{
  "settings": {
    "index.mapping.single_type": true
  },
  "mappings": {
    "user": {
      "properties": {
        "name": {
          "type": "text"
        },
        "user_name": {
          "type": "keyword"
        },
        "email": {
          "type": "keyword"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

PUT tweets
{
  "settings": {
    "index.mapping.single_type": true
  },
  "mappings": {
    "tweet": {
      "properties": {
        "content": {
          "type": "text"
        },
        "user_name": {
          "type": "keyword"
        },
        "tweeted_at": {
          "type": "date"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

POST _reindex
{
  "source": {
    "index": "twitter",
    "type": "user"
  },
  "dest": {
    "index": "users"
  }
}

POST _reindex
{
  "source": {
    "index": "twitter",
    "type": "tweet"
  },
  "dest": {
    "index": "tweets"
  }
}

This next example adds a custom type field and sets it to the value of the original _type. It also adds the type to the _id in case there are any documents of different types which have conflicting IDs:

PUT new_twitter
{
  "mappings": {
    "doc": {
      "properties": {
        "type": {
          "type": "keyword"
        },
        "name": {
          "type": "text"
        },
        "user_name": {
          "type": "keyword"
        },
        "email": {
          "type": "keyword"
        },
        "content": {
          "type": "text"
        },
        "tweeted_at": {
          "type": "date"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}


POST _reindex
{
  "source": {
    "index": "twitter"
  },
  "dest": {
    "index": "new_twitter"
  },
  "script": {
    "source": """
      ctx._source.type = ctx._type;
      ctx._id = ctx._type + '-' + ctx._id;
      ctx._type = 'doc';
    """
  }
}