Tune for search speed

Elasticsearch heavily relies on the filesystem cache in order to make search fast. In general, you should make sure that at least half the available memory goes to the filesystem cache so that Elasticsearch can keep hot regions of the index in physical memory.

Search can cause a lot of randomized read I/O. When the underlying block device has a high readahead value, there may be a lot of unnecessary read I/O done, especially when files are accessed using memory mapping (see storage types).

Most Linux distributions use a sensible readahead value of 128KiB for a single plain device, however, when using software raid, LVM or dm-crypt the resulting block device (backing Elasticsearch path.data) may end up having a very large readahead value (in the range of several MiB). This usually results in severe page (filesystem) cache thrashing adversely affecting search (or update) performance.

You can check the current value in KiB using lsblk -o NAME,RA,MOUNTPOINT,TYPE,SIZE. Consult the documentation of your distribution on how to alter this value (for example with a udev rule to persist across reboots, or via blockdev --setra as a transient setting). We recommend a value of 128KiB for readahead.

If your searches are I/O-bound, consider increasing the size of the filesystem cache (see above) or using faster storage. Each search involves a mix of sequential and random reads across multiple files, and there may be many searches running concurrently on each shard, so SSD drives tend to perform better than spinning disks.

If your searches are CPU-bound, consider using a larger number of faster CPUs.

Directly-attached (local) storage generally performs better than remote storage because it is simpler to configure well and avoids communications overheads.

Some remote storage performs very poorly, especially under the kind of load that Elasticsearch imposes. However, with careful tuning, it is sometimes possible to achieve acceptable performance using remote storage too. Before committing to a particular storage architecture, benchmark your system with a realistic workload to determine the effects of any tuning parameters. If you cannot achieve the performance you expect, work with the vendor of your storage system to identify the problem.

Documents should be modeled so that search-time operations are as cheap as possible.

In particular, joins should be avoided. nested can make queries several times slower and parent-child relations can make queries hundreds of times slower. So if the same questions can be answered without joins by denormalizing documents, significant speedups can be expected.

The more fields a query_string or multi_match query targets, the slower it is. A common technique to improve search speed over multiple fields is to copy their values into a single field at index time, and then use this field at search time. This can be automated with the copy-to directive of mappings without having to change the source of documents. Here is an example of an index containing movies that optimizes queries that search over both the name and the plot of the movie by indexing both values into the name_and_plot field.

response = client.indices.create(
  index: 'movies',
  body: {
    mappings: {
      properties: {
        name_and_plot: {
          type: 'text'
        },
        name: {
          type: 'text',
          copy_to: 'name_and_plot'
        },
        plot: {
          type: 'text',
          copy_to: 'name_and_plot'
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

PUT movies
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "name_and_plot": {
        "type": "text"
      },
      "name": {
        "type": "text",
        "copy_to": "name_and_plot"
      },
      "plot": {
        "type": "text",
        "copy_to": "name_and_plot"
      }
    }
  }
}

You should leverage patterns in your queries to optimize the way data is indexed. For instance, if all your documents have a price field and most queries run range aggregations on a fixed list of ranges, you could make this aggregation faster by pre-indexing the ranges into the index and using a terms aggregations.

For instance, if documents look like:

response = client.index(
  index: 'index',
  id: 1,
  body: {
    designation: 'spoon',
    price: 13
  }
)
puts response

PUT index/_doc/1
{
  "designation": "spoon",
  "price": 13
}

and search requests look like:

response = client.search(
  index: 'index',
  body: {
    aggregations: {
      price_ranges: {
        range: {
          field: 'price',
          ranges: [
            {
              to: 10
            },
            {
              from: 10,
              to: 100
            },
            {
              from: 100
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

GET index/_search
{
  "aggs": {
    "price_ranges": {
      "range": {
        "field": "price",
        "ranges": [
          { "to": 10 },
          { "from": 10, "to": 100 },
          { "from": 100 }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}

Then documents could be enriched by a price_range field at index time, which should be mapped as a keyword:

response = client.indices.create(
  index: 'index',
  body: {
    mappings: {
      properties: {
        price_range: {
          type: 'keyword'
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

response = client.index(
  index: 'index',
  id: 1,
  body: {
    designation: 'spoon',
    price: 13,
    price_range: '10-100'
  }
)
puts response

PUT index
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "price_range": {
        "type": "keyword"
      }
    }
  }
}

PUT index/_doc/1
{
  "designation": "spoon",
  "price": 13,
  "price_range": "10-100"
}

And then search requests could aggregate this new field rather than running a range aggregation on the price field.

response = client.search(
  index: 'index',
  body: {
    aggregations: {
      price_ranges: {
        terms: {
          field: 'price_range'
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

GET index/_search
{
  "aggs": {
    "price_ranges": {
      "terms": {
        "field": "price_range"
      }
    }
  }
}

Not all numeric data should be mapped as a numeric field data type. Elasticsearch optimizes numeric fields, such as integer or long, for range queries. However, keyword fields are better for term and other term-level queries.

Identifiers, such as an ISBN or a product ID, are rarely used in range queries. However, they are often retrieved using term-level queries.

Consider mapping a numeric identifier as a keyword if:

If you’re unsure which to use, you can use a multi-field to map the data as both a keyword and a numeric data type.

If possible, avoid using script-based sorting, scripts in aggregations, and the script_score query. See Scripts, caching, and search speed.

Queries on date fields that use now are typically not cacheable since the range that is being matched changes all the time. However switching to a rounded date is often acceptable in terms of user experience, and has the benefit of making better use of the query cache.

For instance the below query:

response = client.index(
  index: 'index',
  id: 1,
  body: {
    my_date: '2016-05-11T16:30:55.328Z'
  }
)
puts response

response = client.search(
  index: 'index',
  body: {
    query: {
      constant_score: {
        filter: {
          range: {
            my_date: {
              gte: 'now-1h',
              lte: 'now'
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

PUT index/_doc/1
{
  "my_date": "2016-05-11T16:30:55.328Z"
}

GET index/_search
{
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "range": {
          "my_date": {
            "gte": "now-1h",
            "lte": "now"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

could be replaced with the following query:

response = client.search(
  index: 'index',
  body: {
    query: {
      constant_score: {
        filter: {
          range: {
            my_date: {
              gte: 'now-1h/m',
              lte: 'now/m'
            }
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

GET index/_search
{
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "range": {
          "my_date": {
            "gte": "now-1h/m",
            "lte": "now/m"
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

In that case we rounded to the minute, so if the current time is 16:31:29, the range query will match everything whose value of the my_date field is between 15:31:00 and 16:31:59. And if several users run a query that contains this range in the same minute, the query cache could help speed things up a bit. The longer the interval that is used for rounding, the more the query cache can help, but beware that too aggressive rounding might also hurt user experience.

response = client.search(
  index: 'index',
  body: {
    query: {
      constant_score: {
        filter: {
          bool: {
            should: [
              {
                range: {
                  my_date: {
                    gte: 'now-1h',
                    lte: 'now-1h/m'
                  }
                }
              },
              {
                range: {
                  my_date: {
                    gt: 'now-1h/m',
                    lt: 'now/m'
                  }
                }
              },
              {
                range: {
                  my_date: {
                    gte: 'now/m',
                    lte: 'now'
                  }
                }
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

GET index/_search
{
  "query": {
    "constant_score": {
      "filter": {
        "bool": {
          "should": [
            {
              "range": {
                "my_date": {
                  "gte": "now-1h",
                  "lte": "now-1h/m"
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "range": {
                "my_date": {
                  "gt": "now-1h/m",
                  "lt": "now/m"
                }
              }
            },
            {
              "range": {
                "my_date": {
                  "gte": "now/m",
                  "lte": "now"
                }
              }
            }
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

However such practice might make the query run slower in some cases since the overhead introduced by the bool query may defeat the savings from better leveraging the query cache.

Indices that are read-only may benefit from being merged down to a single segment. This is typically the case with time-based indices: only the index for the current time frame is getting new documents while older indices are read-only. Shards that have been force-merged into a single segment can use simpler and more efficient data structures to perform searches.

Global ordinals are a data structure that is used to optimize the performance of aggregations. They are calculated lazily and stored in the JVM heap as part of the field data cache. For fields that are heavily used for bucketing aggregations, you can tell Elasticsearch to construct and cache the global ordinals before requests are received. This should be done carefully because it will increase heap usage and can make refreshes take longer. The option can be updated dynamically on an existing mapping by setting the eager global ordinals mapping parameter:

response = client.indices.create(
  index: 'index',
  body: {
    mappings: {
      properties: {
        foo: {
          type: 'keyword',
          eager_global_ordinals: true
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

PUT index
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "foo": {
        "type": "keyword",
        "eager_global_ordinals": true
      }
    }
  }
}

If the machine running Elasticsearch is restarted, the filesystem cache will be empty, so it will take some time before the operating system loads hot regions of the index into memory so that search operations are fast. You can explicitly tell the operating system which files should be loaded into memory eagerly depending on the file extension using the index.store.preload setting.

Index sorting can be useful in order to make conjunctions faster at the cost of slightly slower indexing. Read more about it in the index sorting documentation.

There are multiple caches that can help with search performance, such as the filesystem cache, the request cache or the query cache. Yet all these caches are maintained at the node level, meaning that if you run the same request twice in a row, have 1 replica or more and use round-robin, the default routing algorithm, then those two requests will go to different shard copies, preventing node-level caches from helping.

Since it is common for users of a search application to run similar requests one after another, for instance in order to analyze a narrower subset of the index, using a preference value that identifies the current user or session could help optimize usage of the caches.

In addition to improving resiliency, replicas can help improve throughput. For instance if you have a single-shard index and three nodes, you will need to set the number of replicas to 2 in order to have 3 copies of your shard in total so that all nodes are utilized.

Now imagine that you have a 2-shards index and two nodes. In one case, the number of replicas is 0, meaning that each node holds a single shard. In the second case the number of replicas is 1, meaning that each node has two shards. Which setup is going to perform best in terms of search performance? Usually, the setup that has fewer shards per node in total will perform better. The reason for that is that it gives a greater share of the available filesystem cache to each shard, and the filesystem cache is probably Elasticsearch’s number 1 performance factor. At the same time, beware that a setup that does not have replicas is subject to failure in case of a single node failure, so there is a trade-off between throughput and availability.

So what is the right number of replicas? If you have a cluster that has num_nodes nodes, num_primaries primary shards in total and if you want to be able to cope with max_failures node failures at once at most, then the right number of replicas for you is max(max_failures, ceil(num_nodes / num_primaries) - 1).

The Profile API provides detailed information about how each component of your queries and aggregations impacts the time it takes to process the request.

The Search Profiler in Kibana makes it easy to navigate and analyze the profile results and give you insight into how to tune your queries to improve performance and reduce load.

Because the Profile API itself adds significant overhead to the query, this information is best used to understand the relative cost of the various query components. It does not provide a reliable measure of actual processing time.

The text field has an index_phrases option that indexes 2-shingles and is automatically leveraged by query parsers to run phrase queries that don’t have a slop. If your use-case involves running lots of phrase queries, this can speed up queries significantly.

The text field has an index_prefixes option that indexes prefixes of all terms and is automatically leveraged by query parsers to run prefix queries. If your use-case involves running lots of prefix queries, this can speed up queries significantly.

There is a general rule that the cost of a filter is mostly a function of the number of matched documents. Imagine that you have an index containing cycles. There are a large number of bicycles and many searches perform a filter on cycle_type: bicycle. This very common filter is unfortunately also very costly since it matches most documents. There is a simple way to avoid running this filter: move bicycles to their own index and filter bicycles by searching this index instead of adding a filter to the query.

Unfortunately this can make client-side logic tricky, which is where constant_keyword helps. By mapping cycle_type as a constant_keyword with value bicycle on the index that contains bicycles, clients can keep running the exact same queries as they used to run on the monolithic index and Elasticsearch will do the right thing on the bicycles index by ignoring filters on cycle_type if the value is bicycle and returning no hits otherwise.

Here is what mappings could look like:

response = client.indices.create(
  index: 'bicycles',
  body: {
    mappings: {
      properties: {
        cycle_type: {
          type: 'constant_keyword',
          value: 'bicycle'
        },
        name: {
          type: 'text'
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

response = client.indices.create(
  index: 'other_cycles',
  body: {
    mappings: {
      properties: {
        cycle_type: {
          type: 'keyword'
        },
        name: {
          type: 'text'
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

PUT bicycles
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "cycle_type": {
        "type": "constant_keyword",
        "value": "bicycle"
      },
      "name": {
        "type": "text"
      }
    }
  }
}

PUT other_cycles
{
  "mappings": {
    "properties": {
      "cycle_type": {
        "type": "keyword"
      },
      "name": {
        "type": "text"
      }
    }
  }
}

We are splitting our index in two: one that will contain only bicycles, and another one that contains other cycles: unicycles, tricycles, etc. Then at search time, we need to search both indices, but we don’t need to modify queries.

response = client.search(
  index: 'bicycles,other_cycles',
  body: {
    query: {
      bool: {
        must: {
          match: {
            description: 'dutch'
          }
        },
        filter: {
          term: {
            cycle_type: 'bicycle'
          }
        }
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

GET bicycles,other_cycles/_search
{
  "query": {
    "bool": {
      "must": {
        "match": {
          "description": "dutch"
        }
      },
      "filter": {
        "term": {
          "cycle_type": "bicycle"
        }
      }
    }
  }
}

On the bicycles index, Elasticsearch will simply ignore the cycle_type filter and rewrite the search request to the one below:

response = client.search(
  index: 'bicycles,other_cycles',
  body: {
    query: {
      match: {
        description: 'dutch'
      }
    }
  }
)
puts response

GET bicycles,other_cycles/_search
{
  "query": {
    "match": {
      "description": "dutch"
    }
  }
}

On the other_cycles index, Elasticsearch will quickly figure out that bicycle doesn’t exist in the terms dictionary of the cycle_type field and return a search response with no hits.

This is a powerful way of making queries cheaper by putting common values in a dedicated index. This idea can also be combined across multiple fields: for instance if you track the color of each cycle and your bicycles index ends up having a majority of black bikes, you could split it into a bicycles-black and a bicycles-other-colors indices.

The constant_keyword is not strictly required for this optimization: it is also possible to update the client-side logic in order to route queries to the relevant indices based on filters. However constant_keyword makes it transparently and allows to decouple search requests from the index topology in exchange of very little overhead.